MUD CONTAMINATION WITH CO2 CAUSES & TREATMENT

Introduction To Mud Contamination By CO2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a common constituent of natural gases and is present in most types of formation fluids. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid that lowers the pH. This lowers the alkalinity of water based muds changing hydroxyl ions (OH–) to bicarbonates (HCO3–) and carbonates (CO3-2) …

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Barite Sag Causes, Indications & Prevention Methods

When weighted muds are used in highly deviated wells, there is the tendency for barite to settle towards the low side of the hole, creating a stratification of lighter mud on top and heavier mud on the bottom. The heavier layer then begins to migrate downwards along the length of the hole due to the …

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Cement Contamination In Drilling Mud

Usually, Mud Engineers design drilling mud to be able to carry out mud basic functions. Thus, As the concentration of Cement contamination increases in a drilling mud system, there will be a detrimental effect on its performance. In general, we can define the contaminant as any material that causes undesirable changes in drilling fluid rheology …

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TIPS FOR DRILLING ANHYDRITE / GYPSUM FORMATIONS

Calcium sulfate occurs in nature as Gypsum (CaSO4 l H2O) or Anhydrite (CaSO4 ). It is found in thick sections, stringers, in make-up water, embedded in silts as in evaporite formations and sometimes in the caprock of a salt dome. Causes of Anhydrite/Gypsum Contamination Calcium sulfate causes aggregation and flocculation of a fresh water mud, …

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