High-pressure mud pumps are positive displacement pumps. Simply, they convert mechanical power into hydraulic power. Their mechanical components (power ends) are usually maintained by mechanics. However, the drilling crew maintains the pump’s hydraulic part (fluid end). As they are a critical part of the drilling rig equipment, it is mandatory that the drilling engineer should …
There are a lot of Water Based Drilling Fluid systems that are used in drilling oil and gas wells. In this article we will talk about the following fluid systems: Spud Mud Spud mud is a simple Bentonite (Gel) mud system that is used when spudding a well to drill the top-hole section. Surface formations …
Additives are chemical compounds added in small quantities to change the physical properties of cement slurry and/or the set cement. Most cementing chemical additives are available either in solid or liquid form. Most of the cement additives available at present have been developed by specialized cementing Companies, although increasingly, products from independent chemical manufacturers are …
When a cement slurry is placed across a permeable formation under pressure, a filtration process occurs. The aqueous phase of the slurry escapes into the formation, leaving the cement particles behind. Such a process is commonly known as fluid loss ( one of the oil well cement properties) and it is put under control in …
Well cement slurries are highly concentrated suspensions of solid particles in water. Their rheological Cement properties are related to those of the supporting liquid rheology, the solid volume fraction (volume of particles/volume of slurry), and interparticle interactions. The aqueous phase of a cement slurry contains ionic species and organic additives. Therefore, the rheological properties of …
Cement Weighting Agents are used in certain cases as High pore pressures, Borehole instability, and deformable or plastic formations that shall be controlled by high hydrostatic pressures. Under such conditions, mud densities in excess of 18.0 lbm/gal [2.16 g/cm 3 ] are common. To maintain control of such wells, cement slurries of equal or greater …
As mentioned in Cementing Additives article, cement extenders are used to reduce cement slurry density & increase slurry yield ( Check also: oil well cement properties). The most common cement extenders chemicals are: Cement Extenders Clays Clay minerals are hydrous aluminum silicates of the phyllosilicate group (Hurlbut, 1971), in which the silica tetrahedra are arranged …
Like Cement Slurry Acceleration, the mechanisms of Portland cement retardation are still a subject of controversy. Several theories have been proposed, but none fully explains the retardation process by itself. Two principal factors must be considered: the chemical nature of the cement retarders and the cement phase (silicate or aluminate) upon which the retarder acts. …
Many inorganic salts are accelerators of Portland cement Slurry. Chloride salts are used most frequently. Other salts that have an accelerating effect include carbonates, silicates (especially sodium silicate), aluminates, nitrates, sulfates, thiosulfates, and alkaline bases [e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)]. Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Li+ > Na+ > H2O OH– …
A cement bond log (CBL) measures the amplitude or attenuation of waves propagating axially along with a casing. The attenuation of the wave depends upon the materials on both sides of the casing: mud inside the casing and cement in the annular space. The effect is more pronounced on the casing-cement interface than on the …
